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Certain "casting resins" and synthetic resins (such as epoxy resin) have also been given the name "resin". The word "resin" has been applied in the modern world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer or enamel-like finish. The word resin comes from French resine, from Latin resina "resin", which either derives from or is a cognate of the Greek ῥητίνη rhētínē "resin of the pine", of unknown earlier origin, though probably non- Indo-European. These were highly prized substances, and required as incense in some religious rites. Human use of plant resins has a very long history that was documented in ancient Greece by Theophrastus, in ancient Rome by Pliny the Elder, and especially in the resins known as frankincense and myrrh, prized in ancient Egypt. The material dripping from an almond tree looks confusingly like resin, but actually is a gum or mucilage, and chemically very different. Shellac is an example of an insect-derived resin.Īsphaltite and Utah resin are petroleum bitumens. Propolis, consisting largely of resins collected from plants such as poplars and conifers, is used by honey bees to seal small gaps in their hives, while larger gaps are filled with beeswax. Plant resins are generally produced as stem secretions, but in some Central and South American species of Dalechampia and Clusia they are produced as pollination rewards, and used by some stingless bee species in nest construction. Rosin is obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers.
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Pimaric acid closely resembles abietic acid into which it passes when distilled in a vacuum it has been supposed to consist of three isomers. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol. Examples of resin acids are abietic acid (sylvic acid), C 20H 30O 2, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C 20H 30O 2, a constituent of galipot resin. Resin acids dissolve in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the resin acids are regenerated upon treatment with acids. Related to the terpenes, resin acid is oxidized terpenes. Rosin consists of a complex mixture of different substances including organic acids named the resin acids. Rosin softens and melts when heated and burns with a bright but smoky flame. Rosin is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether, and hot fatty oils. Typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odour and taste. Rosin is a solidified resin from which the volatile terpenes have been removed by distillation. Īfrican copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition.Įxtremely viscous resin extruding from the trunk of a mature Araucaria columnaris.
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Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it. Copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Examples Įxamples of plant resins include amber, Balm of Gilead, balsam, Canada balsam, Boswellia, copal from trees of Protium copal and Hymenaea courbaril, dammar gum from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae, Dragon's blood from the dragon trees ( Dracaena species), elemi, frankincense from Boswellia sacra, galbanum from Ferula gummosa, gum guaiacum from the lignum vitae trees of the genus Guaiacum, kauri gum from trees of Agathis australis, hashish (Cannabis resin) from Cannabis indica, labdanum from mediterranean species of Cistus, mastic (plant resin) from the mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus, myrrh from shrubs of Commiphora, sandarac resin from Tetraclinis articulata, the national tree of Malta, styrax (a Benzoin resin from various Styrax species) and spinifex resin from Australian grasses.Īmber is fossil resin (also called resinite) from coniferous and other tree species. Rosins on the other hand are less volatile and consist of diterpenes among other compounds. Some resins also contain a high proportion of resin acids. Specific components are alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene, and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes, longifolene, caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene. Most plant resins are composed of terpenes. 1.3 Petroleum- and insect-derived resins.